Events & Interactivity

Events are how JavaScript responds to user actions - clicks, key presses, form submissions, scrolling, and more. This chapter covers everything you need to make interactive web pages.

Adding event listeners

The standard way to respond to events is addEventListener:

<button id="greet-btn">Say Hello</button>
<p id="output"></p>

const button = document.querySelector("#greet-btn");
const output = document.querySelector("#output");

button.addEventListener("click", function () {
    output.textContent = "Hello, World!";
});

When the button is clicked, the paragraph shows "Hello, World!".

With an arrow function

button.addEventListener("click", () => {
    output.textContent = "Hello from an arrow function!";
});

With a named function

function handleClick() {
    output.textContent = "Hello from a named function!";
}

button.addEventListener("click", handleClick);

Named functions are useful when you need to remove the listener later.

Removing event listeners

function handleClick() {
    console.log("Clicked!");
}

button.addEventListener("click", handleClick);

// Later, remove it
button.removeEventListener("click", handleClick);

Important: you must pass the same function reference. If you used capture mode, the capture setting must match too:

button.addEventListener("click", handleClick, { capture: true });
button.removeEventListener("click", handleClick, { capture: true });

Anonymous functions cannot be removed:

// This does NOT work - each arrow function is a different reference
button.addEventListener("click", () => console.log("A"));
button.removeEventListener("click", () => console.log("A")); // does nothing

One-time listeners

Use the once option to automatically remove after the first trigger:

button.addEventListener("click", () => {
    console.log("This only fires once");
}, { once: true });

The event object

Every event handler receives an event object with details about what happened:

button.addEventListener("click", (event) => {
    console.log("Type:", event.type);
    console.log("Target:", event.target.tagName);
    console.log("X:", event.clientX, "Y:", event.clientY);
    console.log("Timestamp:", event.timeStamp);
});

Result (when clicking):

Type: click
Target: BUTTON
X: 150 Y: 200
Timestamp: 12345.67

Common properties:

Property	Description
event.type	Event name ("click", "keydown", etc.)
event.target	The element that triggered the event
event.currentTarget	The element the listener is attached to
event.clientX / clientY	Mouse position relative to viewport
event.key	Key pressed (for keyboard events)
event.timeStamp	When the event occurred

Common event types

Mouse events

const box = document.querySelector(".box");

box.addEventListener("click", () => console.log("Clicked"));
box.addEventListener("dblclick", () => console.log("Double-clicked"));
box.addEventListener("mouseenter", () => console.log("Mouse entered"));
box.addEventListener("mouseleave", () => console.log("Mouse left"));
box.addEventListener("mousemove", (e) => {
    console.log(`Mouse at (${e.clientX}, ${e.clientY})`);
});

Keyboard events

document.addEventListener("keydown", (event) => {
    console.log(`Key down: ${event.key}`);
});

document.addEventListener("keyup", (event) => {
    console.log(`Key up: ${event.key}`);
});

Common event.key values: "Enter", "Escape", "ArrowUp", "ArrowDown", "a", "A", " " (space).

document.addEventListener("keydown", (event) => {
    if (event.key === "Escape") {
        console.log("Escape pressed - close the modal");
    }

    // Check for modifier keys
    if (event.ctrlKey && event.key === "s") {
        event.preventDefault(); // prevent browser save dialog
        console.log("Ctrl+S pressed - saving...");
    }
});

Focus events

const input = document.querySelector("input");

input.addEventListener("focus", () => {
    console.log("Input focused");
});

input.addEventListener("blur", () => {
    console.log("Input lost focus");
});

Input events

const searchInput = document.querySelector("#search");

// Fires on every keystroke
searchInput.addEventListener("input", (event) => {
    console.log("Current value:", event.target.value);
});

// Fires when the field loses focus after being changed
searchInput.addEventListener("change", (event) => {
    console.log("Changed to:", event.target.value);
});

Scroll events

window.addEventListener("scroll", () => {
    console.log(`Scrolled to: ${window.scrollY}px`);
});

Performance tip: scroll events fire very rapidly. Use throttling or requestAnimationFrame for heavy handlers. If a scroll or touch handler never calls preventDefault(), use { passive: true } so the browser can keep scrolling smoothly. Do not use passive listeners when you need to cancel the event.

Page load events

// DOM is ready (HTML parsed, but images/CSS may still be loading)
document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", () => {
    console.log("DOM is ready");
});

// Everything is fully loaded (images, CSS, etc.)
window.addEventListener("load", () => {
    console.log("Page fully loaded");
});

Best practice: place your <script> tag at the end of <body>, or use DOMContentLoaded to ensure the DOM is available before your code runs.

Preventing default behavior

Some events have built-in browser behavior. Use preventDefault() to stop it:

// Prevent a link from navigating
const link = document.querySelector("a");
link.addEventListener("click", (event) => {
    event.preventDefault();
    console.log("Link click prevented");
});

// Prevent form submission (handle it with JavaScript instead)
const form = document.querySelector("form");
form.addEventListener("submit", (event) => {
    event.preventDefault();
    console.log("Form submission prevented");
});

Event bubbling and capturing

When you click a button inside a <div>, the event fires on the button and on every ancestor up to document. This is called bubbling.

Interactive demo

Click the nested button and watch the bubble path. Toggle stopPropagation to cut it short:

Event bubbling lab

Click the button. Watch the event travel from the target up through parent listeners.

stopPropagation on button

outer

middle

1. Click the button to see the bubble path.

Toggle stopPropagation on the button to prevent parent handlers from running.

<div id="outer">
    <div id="inner">
        <button id="btn">Click me</button>
    </div>
</div>

document.querySelector("#outer").addEventListener("click", () => {
    console.log("Outer div clicked");
});

document.querySelector("#inner").addEventListener("click", () => {
    console.log("Inner div clicked");
});

document.querySelector("#btn").addEventListener("click", () => {
    console.log("Button clicked");
});

Result (clicking the button):

Button clicked
Inner div clicked
Outer div clicked

The event bubbles from the target (button) up through its ancestors.

Stopping propagation

Prevent the event from reaching parent elements:

document.querySelector("#btn").addEventListener("click", (event) => {
    event.stopPropagation();
    console.log("Button clicked - stopped bubbling");
});

// This will NOT fire when the button is clicked
document.querySelector("#outer").addEventListener("click", () => {
    console.log("Outer div clicked");
});

Result (clicking the button):

Button clicked - stopped bubbling

Use stopPropagation sparingly - it can break other listeners that rely on bubbling.

Capture phase

Events actually go through three phases:

1. Capture - from document down to the target
2. Target - the element that was clicked
3. Bubble - back up from the target to document

To listen during the capture phase:

document.querySelector("#outer").addEventListener("click", () => {
    console.log("Outer (capture phase)");
}, true); // third argument = use capture

document.querySelector("#btn").addEventListener("click", () => {
    console.log("Button (target)");
});

document.querySelector("#outer").addEventListener("click", () => {
    console.log("Outer (bubble phase)");
});

Result (clicking the button):

Outer (capture phase)
Button (target)
Outer (bubble phase)

You will rarely need capture phase listeners, but understanding the flow helps with debugging.

Event delegation

Instead of attaching listeners to every child element, attach one listener to a parent and use event.target to determine which child was clicked:

<ul id="task-list">
    <li>Task 1</li>
    <li>Task 2</li>
    <li>Task 3</li>
</ul>

// Without delegation - one listener per item (bad for many items)
document.querySelectorAll("#task-list li").forEach((li) => {
    li.addEventListener("click", () => {
        console.log(`Clicked: ${li.textContent}`);
    });
});

// With delegation - one listener on the parent (good!)
document.querySelector("#task-list").addEventListener("click", (event) => {
    if (event.target.tagName === "LI") {
        console.log(`Clicked: ${event.target.textContent}`);
    }
});

Benefits of delegation:

• Performance: one listener instead of many
• Dynamic elements: works for elements added later (they bubble to the parent)
• Less memory: fewer event listener objects

Delegation with closest

For elements with nested children, event.target might be a child of the element you care about:

<ul id="user-list">
    <li data-id="1"><strong>Ada</strong> <span>Admin</span></li>
    <li data-id="2"><strong>Bob</strong> <span>User</span></li>
</ul>

document.querySelector("#user-list").addEventListener("click", (event) => {
    const li = event.target.closest("li");
    if (li) {
        console.log(`Clicked user ID: ${li.dataset.id}`);
    }
});

closest walks up the tree from event.target to find the nearest matching ancestor. It handles clicks on <strong> or <span> inside the <li>.

Form handling

Forms are one of the most common uses of events:

<form id="signup">
    <label for="username">Username:</label>
    <input type="text" id="username" name="username" required minlength="3">

    <label for="email">Email:</label>
    <input type="email" id="email" name="email" required>

    <button type="submit">Sign Up</button>
</form>
<div id="result"></div>

const form = document.querySelector("#signup");
const result = document.querySelector("#result");

form.addEventListener("submit", (event) => {
    event.preventDefault(); // prevent page reload

    // Access form data
    const formData = new FormData(form);
    const username = formData.get("username");
    const email = formData.get("email");

    // Or access directly
    const usernameAlt = form.elements.username.value;

    result.textContent = `Welcome, ${username} (${email})!`;

    // Clear the form
    form.reset();
});

Real-time validation

const usernameInput = document.querySelector("#username");
const feedback = document.createElement("span");
usernameInput.parentElement.appendChild(feedback);

usernameInput.addEventListener("input", (event) => {
    const value = event.target.value;

    if (value.length === 0) {
        feedback.textContent = "";
    } else if (value.length < 3) {
        feedback.textContent = "Too short (min 3 characters)";
        feedback.style.color = "red";
    } else if (value.length > 20) {
        feedback.textContent = "Too long (max 20 characters)";
        feedback.style.color = "red";
    } else {
        feedback.textContent = "Looks good!";
        feedback.style.color = "green";
    }
});

For more on sanitizing user input, see User Input Sanitization.

Checkboxes and radio buttons

// Checkbox
const checkbox = document.querySelector('input[type="checkbox"]');
checkbox.addEventListener("change", () => {
    console.log("Checked:", checkbox.checked);
});

// Radio buttons
document.querySelectorAll('input[name="theme"]').forEach((radio) => {
    radio.addEventListener("change", (event) => {
        console.log("Selected theme:", event.target.value);
    });
});

Select dropdown

const select = document.querySelector("select");
select.addEventListener("change", (event) => {
    console.log("Selected:", event.target.value);
});

Practical examples

Toggle visibility

<button id="toggle-btn">Toggle Content</button>
<div id="content" class="visible">
    <p>This content can be shown or hidden.</p>
</div>

.hidden { display: none; }
.visible { display: block; }

const toggleBtn = document.querySelector("#toggle-btn");
const content = document.querySelector("#content");

toggleBtn.addEventListener("click", () => {
    content.classList.toggle("hidden");
    content.classList.toggle("visible");

    toggleBtn.textContent = content.classList.contains("hidden")
        ? "Show Content"
        : "Toggle Content";
});

Theme toggle

const themeBtn = document.querySelector("#theme-toggle");

themeBtn.addEventListener("click", () => {
    document.body.classList.toggle("dark-theme");

    const isDark = document.body.classList.contains("dark-theme");
    themeBtn.textContent = isDark ? "Light Mode" : "Dark Mode";

    // Save preference
    localStorage.setItem("theme", isDark ? "dark" : "light");
});

// Restore on page load
document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", () => {
    const savedTheme = localStorage.getItem("theme");
    if (savedTheme === "dark") {
        document.body.classList.add("dark-theme");
        themeBtn.textContent = "Light Mode";
    }
});

Dynamic list with add and delete

<div id="todo-app">
    <input type="text" id="todo-input" placeholder="Add a task...">
    <button id="add-btn">Add</button>
    <ul id="todo-list"></ul>
</div>

const input = document.querySelector("#todo-input");
const addBtn = document.querySelector("#add-btn");
const list = document.querySelector("#todo-list");

function addTask() {
    const text = input.value.trim();
    if (text === "") return;

    const li = document.createElement("li");
    li.textContent = text;

    const deleteBtn = document.createElement("button");
    deleteBtn.textContent = "Delete";
    deleteBtn.style.marginLeft = "8px";
    li.appendChild(deleteBtn);

    list.appendChild(li);
    input.value = "";
    input.focus();
}

// Add on button click
addBtn.addEventListener("click", addTask);

// Add on Enter key
input.addEventListener("keydown", (event) => {
    if (event.key === "Enter") {
        addTask();
    }
});

// Delete using event delegation
list.addEventListener("click", (event) => {
    if (event.target.tagName === "BUTTON") {
        event.target.parentElement.remove();
    }
});

Debounced search

Prevent firing on every keystroke - wait until the user stops typing:

function debounce(fn, delay) {
    let timer;
    return function (...args) {
        clearTimeout(timer);
        timer = setTimeout(() => fn.apply(this, args), delay);
    };
}

const searchInput = document.querySelector("#search");
const results = document.querySelector("#results");

const handleSearch = debounce((query) => {
    console.log(`Searching for: ${query}`);
    results.textContent = `Results for "${query}"...`;
}, 300);

searchInput.addEventListener("input", (event) => {
    handleSearch(event.target.value);
});

The search function fires 300ms after the user stops typing, instead of on every keystroke.

Custom events

Create and dispatch your own events:

// Create a custom event
const userLoggedIn = new CustomEvent("userLogin", {
    detail: { username: "Ada", role: "admin" },
});

// Listen for it
document.addEventListener("userLogin", (event) => {
    console.log(`${event.detail.username} logged in as ${event.detail.role}`);
});

// Dispatch it
document.dispatchEvent(userLoggedIn);

Result:

Ada logged in as admin

Custom events are useful for decoupling components - one part of your code can emit events without knowing who is listening.

Summary

• addEventListener is the standard way to handle events; removeEventListener requires the same function reference.
• The event object provides details: type, target, key, coordinates, etc.
• preventDefault() stops default browser behavior (link navigation, form submission).
• Events bubble from child to parent. Use stopPropagation() sparingly.
• Event delegation attaches one listener to a parent - better performance, works for dynamic elements.
• closest() helps find the relevant element in delegated handlers.
• Forms: use FormData or form.elements to access values, event.preventDefault() to handle submission in JavaScript.
• Debounce expensive handlers like search to avoid firing on every keystroke.

Next up: Working with Data - fetching data from APIs and storing data in the browser.